[[troubleshooting-unstable-cluster]]
== Troubleshooting an unstable cluster

Normally, a node will only leave a cluster if deliberately shut down. If a node
leaves the cluster unexpectedly, it's important to address the cause. A cluster
in which nodes leave unexpectedly is unstable and can create several issues.
For instance:

* The cluster health may be yellow or red.

* Some shards will be initializing and other shards may be failing.

* Search, indexing, and monitoring operations may fail and report exceptions in
logs.

* The `.security` index may be unavailable, blocking access to the cluster.

* The master may appear busy due to frequent cluster state updates.

To troubleshoot a cluster in this state, first ensure the cluster has a
<<discovery-troubleshooting,stable master>>. Next, focus on the nodes
unexpectedly leaving the cluster ahead of all other issues. It will not be
possible to solve other issues until the cluster has a stable master node and
stable node membership.

Diagnostics and statistics are usually not useful in an unstable cluster. These
tools only offer a view of the state of the cluster at a single point in time.
Instead, look at the cluster logs to see the pattern of behaviour over time.
Focus particularly on logs from the elected master. When a node leaves the
cluster, logs for the elected master include a message like this (with line
breaks added to make it easier to read):

[source,text]
----
[2022-03-21T11:02:35,513][INFO ][o.e.c.c.NodeLeftExecutor] [instance-0000000000]
    node-left: [{instance-0000000004}{bfcMDTiDRkietFb9v_di7w}{aNlyORLASam1ammv2DzYXA}{172.27.47.21}{172.27.47.21:19054}{m}]
    with reason [disconnected]
----

This message says that the `NodeLeftExecutor` on the elected master
(`instance-0000000000`) processed a `node-left` task, identifying the node that
was removed and the reason for its removal. When the node joins the cluster
again, logs for the elected master will include a message like this (with line
breaks added to make it easier to read):

[source,text]
----
[2022-03-21T11:02:59,892][INFO ][o.e.c.c.NodeJoinExecutor] [instance-0000000000]
    node-join: [{instance-0000000004}{bfcMDTiDRkietFb9v_di7w}{UNw_RuazQCSBskWZV8ID_w}{172.27.47.21}{172.27.47.21:19054}{m}]
    with reason [joining after restart, removed [24s] ago with reason [disconnected]]
----

This message says that the `NodeJoinExecutor` on the elected master
(`instance-0000000000`) processed a `node-join` task, identifying the node that
was added to the cluster and the reason for the task.

Other nodes may log similar messages, but report fewer details:

[source,text]
----
[2020-01-29T11:02:36,985][INFO ][o.e.c.s.ClusterApplierService]
    [instance-0000000001] removed {
        {instance-0000000004}{bfcMDTiDRkietFb9v_di7w}{aNlyORLASam1ammv2DzYXA}{172.27.47.21}{172.27.47.21:19054}{m}
        {tiebreaker-0000000003}{UNw_RuazQCSBskWZV8ID_w}{bltyVOQ-RNu20OQfTHSLtA}{172.27.161.154}{172.27.161.154:19251}{mv}
    }, term: 14, version: 1653415, reason: Publication{term=14, version=1653415}
----

These messages are not especially useful for troubleshooting, so focus on the
ones from the `NodeLeftExecutor` and `NodeJoinExecutor` which are only emitted
on the elected master and which contain more details. If you don't see the
messages from the `NodeLeftExecutor` and `NodeJoinExecutor`, check that:

* You're looking at the logs for the elected master node.

* The logs cover the correct time period.

* Logging is enabled at `INFO` level.

Nodes will also log a message containing `master node changed` whenever they
start or stop following the elected master. You can use these messages to
determine each node's view of the state of the master over time.

If a node restarts, it will leave the cluster and then join the cluster again.
When it rejoins, the `NodeJoinExecutor` will log that it processed a
`node-join` task indicating that the node is `joining after restart`. If a node
is unexpectedly restarting, look at the node's logs to see why it is shutting
down.

The <<health-api>> API on the affected node will also provide some useful
information about the situation.

If the node did not restart then you should look at the reason for its
departure more closely. Each reason has different troubleshooting steps,
described below. There are three possible reasons:

* `disconnected`: The connection from the master node to the removed node was
closed.

* `lagging`: The master published a cluster state update, but the removed node
did not apply it within the permitted timeout. By default, this timeout is 2
minutes. Refer to <<modules-discovery-settings>> for information about the
settings which control this mechanism.

* `followers check retry count exceeded`: The master sent a number of
consecutive health checks to the removed node. These checks were rejected or
timed out. By default, each health check times out after 10 seconds and {es}
removes the node removed after three consecutively failed health checks. Refer
to <<modules-discovery-settings>> for information about the settings which
control this mechanism.

[discrete]
[[troubleshooting-unstable-cluster-disconnected]]
=== Diagnosing `disconnected` nodes

Nodes typically leave the cluster with reason `disconnected` when they shut
down, but if they rejoin the cluster without restarting then there is some
other problem.

{es} is designed to run on a fairly reliable network. It opens a number of TCP
connections between nodes and expects these connections to remain open
<<long-lived-connections,forever>>. If a connection is closed then {es} will
try and reconnect, so the occasional blip may fail some in-flight operations
but should otherwise have limited impact on the cluster. In contrast,
repeatedly-dropped connections will severely affect its operation.

The connections from the elected master node to every other node in the cluster
are particularly important. The elected master never spontaneously closes its
outbound connections to other nodes. Similarly, once an inbound connection is
fully established, a node never spontaneously it unless the node is shutting
down.

If you see a node unexpectedly leave the cluster with the `disconnected`
reason, something other than {es} likely caused the connection to close. A
common cause is a misconfigured firewall with an improper timeout or another
policy that's <<long-lived-connections,incompatible with {es}>>. It could also
be caused by general connectivity issues, such as packet loss due to faulty
hardware or network congestion. If you're an advanced user, configure the
following loggers to get more detailed information about network exceptions:

[source,yaml]
----
logger.org.elasticsearch.transport.TcpTransport: DEBUG
logger.org.elasticsearch.xpack.core.security.transport.netty4.SecurityNetty4Transport: DEBUG
----

If these logs do not show enough information to diagnose the problem, obtain a
packet capture simultaneously from the nodes at both ends of an unstable
connection and analyse it alongside the {es} logs from those nodes to determine
if traffic between the nodes is being disrupted by another device on the
network.

[discrete]
[[troubleshooting-unstable-cluster-lagging]]
=== Diagnosing `lagging` nodes

{es} needs every node to process cluster state updates reasonably quickly. If a
node takes too long to process a cluster state update, it can be harmful to the
cluster. The master will remove these nodes with the `lagging` reason. Refer to
<<modules-discovery-settings>> for information about the settings which control
this mechanism.

Lagging is typically caused by performance issues on the removed node. However,
a node may also lag due to severe network delays. To rule out network delays,
ensure that `net.ipv4.tcp_retries2` is <<system-config-tcpretries,configured
properly>>. Log messages that contain `warn threshold` may provide more
information about the root cause.

If you're an advanced user, you can get more detailed information about what
the node was doing when it was removed by configuring the following logger:

[source,yaml]
----
logger.org.elasticsearch.cluster.coordination.LagDetector: DEBUG
----

When this logger is enabled, {es} will attempt to run the
<<cluster-nodes-hot-threads>> API on the faulty node and report the results in
the logs on the elected master. The results are compressed, encoded, and split
into chunks to avoid truncation:

[source,text]
----
[DEBUG][o.e.c.c.LagDetector      ] [master] hot threads from node [{node}{g3cCUaMDQJmQ2ZLtjr-3dg}{10.0.0.1:9300}] lagging at version [183619] despite commit of cluster state version [183620] [part 1]: H4sIAAAAAAAA/x...
[DEBUG][o.e.c.c.LagDetector      ] [master] hot threads from node [{node}{g3cCUaMDQJmQ2ZLtjr-3dg}{10.0.0.1:9300}] lagging at version [183619] despite commit of cluster state version [183620] [part 2]: p7x3w1hmOQVtuV...
[DEBUG][o.e.c.c.LagDetector      ] [master] hot threads from node [{node}{g3cCUaMDQJmQ2ZLtjr-3dg}{10.0.0.1:9300}] lagging at version [183619] despite commit of cluster state version [183620] [part 3]: v7uTboMGDbyOy+...
[DEBUG][o.e.c.c.LagDetector      ] [master] hot threads from node [{node}{g3cCUaMDQJmQ2ZLtjr-3dg}{10.0.0.1:9300}] lagging at version [183619] despite commit of cluster state version [183620] [part 4]: 4tse0RnPnLeDNN...
[DEBUG][o.e.c.c.LagDetector      ] [master] hot threads from node [{node}{g3cCUaMDQJmQ2ZLtjr-3dg}{10.0.0.1:9300}] lagging at version [183619] despite commit of cluster state version [183620] (gzip compressed, base64-encoded, and split into 4 parts on preceding log lines)
----

To reconstruct the output, base64-decode the data and decompress it using
`gzip`. For instance, on Unix-like systems:

[source,sh]
----
cat lagdetector.log | sed -e 's/.*://' | base64 --decode | gzip --decompress
----

[discrete]
[[troubleshooting-unstable-cluster-follower-check]]
=== Diagnosing `follower check retry count exceeded` nodes

Nodes sometimes leave the cluster with reason `follower check retry count
exceeded` when they shut down, but if they rejoin the cluster without
restarting then there is some other problem.

{es} needs every node to respond to network messages successfully and
reasonably quickly. If a node rejects requests or does not respond at all then
it can be harmful to the cluster. If enough consecutive checks fail then the
master will remove the node with reason `follower check retry count exceeded`
and will indicate in the `node-left` message how many of the consecutive
unsuccessful checks failed and how many of them timed out. Refer to
<<modules-discovery-settings>> for information about the settings which control
this mechanism.

Timeouts and failures may be due to network delays or performance problems on
the affected nodes. Ensure that `net.ipv4.tcp_retries2` is
<<system-config-tcpretries,configured properly>> to eliminate network delays as
a possible cause for this kind of instability. Log messages containing
`warn threshold` may give further clues about the cause of the instability.

If the last check failed with an exception then the exception is reported, and
typically indicates the problem that needs to be addressed. If any of the
checks timed out then narrow down the problem as follows.

include::network-timeouts.asciidoc[tag=troubleshooting-network-timeouts-gc-vm]

include::network-timeouts.asciidoc[tag=troubleshooting-network-timeouts-packet-capture-fault-detection]

include::network-timeouts.asciidoc[tag=troubleshooting-network-timeouts-threads]

By default the follower checks will time out after 30s, so if node departures
are unpredictable then capture stack dumps every 15s to be sure that at least
one stack dump was taken at the right time.

[discrete]
[[troubleshooting-unstable-cluster-shardlockobtainfailedexception]]
=== Diagnosing `ShardLockObtainFailedException` failures

If a node leaves and rejoins the cluster then {es} will usually shut down and
re-initialize its shards. If the shards do not shut down quickly enough then
{es} may fail to re-initialize them due to a `ShardLockObtainFailedException`.

To gather more information about the reason for shards shutting down slowly,
configure the following logger:

[source,yaml]
----
logger.org.elasticsearch.env.NodeEnvironment: DEBUG
----

When this logger is enabled, {es} will attempt to run the
<<cluster-nodes-hot-threads>> API whenever it encounters a
`ShardLockObtainFailedException`. The results are compressed, encoded, and
split into chunks to avoid truncation:

[source,text]
----
[DEBUG][o.e.e.NodeEnvironment    ] [master] hot threads while failing to obtain shard lock for [index][0] [part 1]: H4sIAAAAAAAA/x...
[DEBUG][o.e.e.NodeEnvironment    ] [master] hot threads while failing to obtain shard lock for [index][0] [part 2]: p7x3w1hmOQVtuV...
[DEBUG][o.e.e.NodeEnvironment    ] [master] hot threads while failing to obtain shard lock for [index][0] [part 3]: v7uTboMGDbyOy+...
[DEBUG][o.e.e.NodeEnvironment    ] [master] hot threads while failing to obtain shard lock for [index][0] [part 4]: 4tse0RnPnLeDNN...
[DEBUG][o.e.e.NodeEnvironment    ] [master] hot threads while failing to obtain shard lock for [index][0] (gzip compressed, base64-encoded, and split into 4 parts on preceding log lines)
----

To reconstruct the output, base64-decode the data and decompress it using
`gzip`. For instance, on Unix-like systems:

[source,sh]
----
cat shardlock.log | sed -e 's/.*://' | base64 --decode | gzip --decompress
----

[discrete]
[[troubleshooting-unstable-cluster-network]]
=== Diagnosing other network disconnections

{es} is designed to run on a fairly reliable network. It opens a number of TCP
connections between nodes and expects these connections to remain open
<<long-lived-connections,forever>>. If a connection is closed then {es} will
try and reconnect, so the occasional blip may fail some in-flight operations
but should otherwise have limited impact on the cluster. In contrast,
repeatedly-dropped connections will severely affect its operation.

{es} nodes will only actively close an outbound connection to another node if
the other node leaves the cluster. See
<<cluster-fault-detection-troubleshooting>> for further information about
identifying and troubleshooting this situation. If an outbound connection
closes for some other reason, nodes will log a message such as the following:

[source,text]
----
[INFO ][o.e.t.ClusterConnectionManager] [node-1] transport connection to [{node-2}{g3cCUaMDQJmQ2ZLtjr-3dg}{10.0.0.1:9300}] closed by remote
----

Similarly, once an inbound connection is fully established, a node never
spontaneously closes it unless the node is shutting down.

Therefore if you see a node report that a connection to another node closed
unexpectedly, something other than {es} likely caused the connection to close.
A common cause is a misconfigured firewall with an improper timeout or another
policy that's <<long-lived-connections,incompatible with {es}>>. It could also
be caused by general connectivity issues, such as packet loss due to faulty
hardware or network congestion. If you're an advanced user, configure the
following loggers to get more detailed information about network exceptions:

[source,yaml]
----
logger.org.elasticsearch.transport.TcpTransport: DEBUG
logger.org.elasticsearch.xpack.core.security.transport.netty4.SecurityNetty4Transport: DEBUG
----

If these logs do not show enough information to diagnose the problem, obtain a
packet capture simultaneously from the nodes at both ends of an unstable
connection and analyse it alongside the {es} logs from those nodes to determine
if traffic between the nodes is being disrupted by another device on the
network.
