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 height=48 width=49 alt=" [A GNU head] "><strong>GNU</strong> <span class=hide>Operating System</span></a><br>
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<small id=fsf-support>Supported by the
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<a href=#mission-statement>Free Software Foundation</a></small>
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</p>
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<div class="article reduced-width">
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<h2>What is Free Software?</h2>
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<div class=thin></div>
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<div class=important>
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<p>
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“Free software” means software that respects users'
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freedom and community. Roughly, it means that <b>the users have the
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freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the
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software</b>. Thus, “free software” is a matter of
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liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of
|
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“free” as in “free speech,” not as in
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|
“free beer.” We sometimes call it “libre
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software,” borrowing the French or Spanish word for
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“free” as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software
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is gratis.
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</p>
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<p>
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You may have paid money to get copies of a free program, or you may
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have obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your
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copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the software,
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even to <a href=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/selling.html>sell copies</a>.
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</p>
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</div>
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<p>
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We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With
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these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control
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the program and what it does for them. When users don't control the
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program, we call it a “nonfree” or
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“proprietary” program. The nonfree program controls the
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users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the
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program <a href=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html>
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an instrument of unjust power</a>.
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</p>
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<p>
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“Open source” is something different: it has a very
|
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different philosophy based on different values. Its practical
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definition is different too, but nearly all open source programs are
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in fact free. We explain the
|
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difference in <a href=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html>
|
|
Why “Open Source” misses the point of Free Software</a>.
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</p>
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<div class=toc>
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<hr class="no-display sf-hidden">
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<h3 class="no-display sf-hidden">Table of contents</h3>
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<ul>
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<li><a href=#fs-definition>The Free Software Definition</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href=#four-freedoms>The four essential freedoms</a></li>
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<li><a href=#selling>Free software <em>can</em> be commercial</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href=#clarifying>Clarifying the Boundary Between Free and Nonfree</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href=#run-the-program>The freedom to run the program as you
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wish</a></li>
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<li><a href=#make-changes>The freedom to study the source code and make
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changes</a></li>
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<li><a href=#redistribute>The freedom to redistribute if you wish:
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basic requirements</a></li>
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<li><a href=#copyleft>Copyleft</a></li>
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<li><a href=#packaging>Rules about packaging and distribution
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details</a></li>
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<li><a href=#exportcontrol>Export regulations</a></li>
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<li><a href=#legal-details>Legal considerations</a></li>
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<li><a href=#contracts>Contract-based licenses</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href=#in-practice>The Free Software Definition in Practice</a>
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<ul>
|
|
<li><a href=#interpretation>How we interpret these criteria</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href=#get-help>Get help with free licenses</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href=#terminology>Use the right words when talking about free
|
|
software</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li><a href=#beyond-software>Beyond Software</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href=#History>History</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class=edu-note id=fsf-licensing role=complementary>
|
|
<p style=font-size:80%>
|
|
Have a question about free software licensing not answered here?
|
|
See our other <a href=http://www.fsf.org/licensing>licensing resources</a>,
|
|
and if necessary contact the FSF Compliance Lab
|
|
at <a href=mailto:licensing@fsf.org>licensing@fsf.org</a>.</p>
|
|
<hr class="no-display sf-hidden">
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3 id=fs-definition>The Free Software Definition</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a
|
|
particular software program qualifies as free software. From time to
|
|
time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions
|
|
about subtle issues. See the <a href=#History>History section</a>
|
|
below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free
|
|
software.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h4 id=four-freedoms>The four essential freedoms</h4>
|
|
<p>
|
|
A program is free software if the program's users have the
|
|
four essential freedoms: <a href=#f1>[1]</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<ul class=important>
|
|
<li>The freedom to run the program as you wish,
|
|
for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
|
|
<li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
|
|
does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
|
|
code is a precondition for this.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others
|
|
(freedom 2).
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions
|
|
to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole
|
|
community a chance to benefit from your changes.
|
|
Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>
|
|
A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these
|
|
freedoms. Otherwise, it is nonfree. While we can distinguish various
|
|
nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of
|
|
being free, we consider them all equally unethical.</p>
|
|
<p>In any given scenario, these freedoms must apply to whatever code
|
|
we plan to make use of, or lead others to make use of. For instance,
|
|
consider a program A which automatically launches a program B to
|
|
handle some cases. If we plan to distribute A as it stands, that
|
|
implies users will need B, so we need to judge whether both A and B
|
|
are free. However, if we plan to modify A so that it doesn't use B,
|
|
only A needs to be free; B is not pertinent to that plan.</p>
|
|
<h4 id=selling>Free software <em>can</em> be commercial</h4>
|
|
<p>
|
|
“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial.”
|
|
On the contrary, a free program must be available for commercial use,
|
|
commercial development, and commercial distribution. This policy is
|
|
of fundamental importance—without this, free software could not
|
|
achieve its aims.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
We want to invite everyone to use the GNU system, including businesses
|
|
and their workers. That requires allowing commercial use. We hope
|
|
that free replacement programs will supplant comparable proprietary
|
|
programs, but they can't do that if businesses are forbidden to use
|
|
them. We want commercial products that contain software to include
|
|
the GNU system, and that would constitute commercial distribution for
|
|
a price. Commercial development of free software is no longer
|
|
unusual; such free commercial software is very important. Paid,
|
|
professional support for free software fills an important need.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Thus, to exclude commercial use, commercial development or commercial
|
|
distribution would hobble the free software community and obstruct its
|
|
path to success. We must conclude that a program licensed with such
|
|
restrictions does not qualify as free software.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
A free program must offer the four freedoms to any would-be user that
|
|
obtains a copy of the software, who has complied thus far with the
|
|
conditions of the free license covering the software in any previous
|
|
distribution of it. Putting some of the freedoms off limits to some
|
|
users, or requiring that users pay, in money or in kind, to exercise
|
|
them, is tantamount to not granting the freedoms in question, and thus
|
|
renders the program nonfree.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h3 id=clarifying>Clarifying the Boundary Between Free and Nonfree</h3>
|
|
<p>In the rest of this article we explain more precisely how far the
|
|
various freedoms need to extend, on various issues, in order for a
|
|
program to be free.</p>
|
|
<h4 id=run-the-program>The freedom to run the program as you wish</h4>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
|
|
or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
|
|
overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
|
|
with the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is
|
|
the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em>
|
|
purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes,
|
|
and if you distribute it to other people, they are then free to run it for
|
|
their purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on them.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The freedom to run the program as you wish means that you are not
|
|
forbidden or stopped from making it run. This has nothing to do with what
|
|
functionality the program has, whether it is technically capable of
|
|
functioning in any given environment, or whether it is useful for any
|
|
particular computing activity.</p>
|
|
<p>For example, if the code arbitrarily rejects certain meaningful
|
|
inputs—or even fails unconditionally—that may make the
|
|
program less useful, perhaps even totally useless, but it does not
|
|
deny users the freedom to run the program, so it does not conflict
|
|
with freedom 0. If the program is free, the users can overcome the
|
|
loss of usefulness, because freedoms 1 and 3 permit users and
|
|
communities to make and distribute modified versions without the
|
|
arbitrary nuisance code.</p>
|
|
<p>“As you wish” includes, optionally, “not at
|
|
all” if that is what you wish. So there is no need for a
|
|
separate “freedom not to run a program.”</p>
|
|
<h4 id=make-changes>The freedom to study the source code and make changes</h4>
|
|
<p>
|
|
In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
|
|
freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you need to have
|
|
access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of
|
|
source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated
|
|
“source code” is not real source code and does not count
|
|
as source code.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Source code is defined as the preferred form of the program for making
|
|
changes in. Thus, whatever form a developer changes to develop
|
|
the program is the source code of that developer's version.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
|
|
the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to
|
|
run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours—a
|
|
practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown,”
|
|
or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure
|
|
boot”—freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a
|
|
practical reality. These binaries are not free
|
|
software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
|
|
subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you
|
|
cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module—for instance, if it
|
|
requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add—then the
|
|
license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
|
|
If your right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that
|
|
someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
One special case of freedom 1 is to delete the program's code so it
|
|
returns after doing nothing, or make it invoke some other program.
|
|
Thus, freedom 1 includes the “freedom to delete the program.”
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h4 id=redistribute>The freedom to redistribute if you wish: basic
|
|
requirements</h4>
|
|
<p>Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to
|
|
redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either
|
|
gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
|
|
<a href=#exportcontrol>anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these
|
|
things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
|
|
for permission to do so.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
|
|
privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
|
|
exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
|
|
notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions
|
|
as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of
|
|
releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be
|
|
a <a href=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/copyleft.html>copyleft</a> license. However, a
|
|
license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify
|
|
as a free license.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
|
|
forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
|
|
unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
|
|
for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there
|
|
is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
|
|
(since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
|
|
freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
|
|
make them.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h4 id=copyleft>Copyleft</h4>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
|
|
software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
|
|
freedoms. For example, <a href=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/copyleft.html>copyleft</a>
|
|
(very simply stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program,
|
|
you cannot add restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms.
|
|
This rule does not conflict with the central freedoms; rather it
|
|
protects them.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
In the GNU project, we use copyleft to protect the four freedoms
|
|
legally for everyone. We believe there are important reasons why
|
|
<a href=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/pragmatic.html>it is better to use
|
|
copyleft</a>. However,
|
|
<a href=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware>
|
|
noncopylefted free software</a> is ethical
|
|
too. See <a href=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html>Categories of Free
|
|
Software</a> for a description of how “free software,”
|
|
“copylefted software” and other categories of software
|
|
relate to each other.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h4 id=packaging>Rules about packaging and distribution details</h4>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
|
|
if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified
|
|
versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.
|
|
Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the
|
|
name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your
|
|
modifications as yours. As long as these requirements are not so
|
|
burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your
|
|
changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to
|
|
the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you
|
|
must make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too,
|
|
on the same condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one
|
|
saying that if you have distributed a
|
|
modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
|
|
must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of
|
|
whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require release
|
|
of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use
|
|
are also acceptable.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by
|
|
which the program will be invoked from other programs. That
|
|
effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it
|
|
can replace the original when invoked by those other programs. This
|
|
sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing
|
|
facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an
|
|
alias for the modified version.</p>
|
|
<h4 id=exportcontrol>Export regulations</h4>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Sometimes government export control regulations
|
|
and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
|
|
programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to
|
|
eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
|
|
is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this
|
|
way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
|
|
jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses
|
|
must not require obedience to any nontrivial export regulations as a
|
|
condition of exercising any of the essential freedoms.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making
|
|
them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does
|
|
not restrict users. If an export regulation is actually trivial for
|
|
free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual
|
|
problem; however, it is a potential problem, since a later change in
|
|
export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render the
|
|
software nonfree.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h4 id=legal-details>Legal considerations</h4>
|
|
<p>
|
|
In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
|
|
irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
|
|
software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add
|
|
restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give
|
|
cause, the software is not free.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
A free license may not require compliance with the license of a
|
|
nonfree program. Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to
|
|
comply with the licenses of “all the programs you use,” in
|
|
the case of a user that runs nonfree programs this would require
|
|
compliance with the licenses of those nonfree programs; that makes the
|
|
license nonfree.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
It is acceptable for a free license to specify which jurisdiction's
|
|
law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h4 id=contracts>Contract-based licenses</h4>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
|
|
on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a
|
|
copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
|
|
is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated
|
|
(though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software
|
|
licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
|
|
range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways
|
|
such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a
|
|
contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that
|
|
copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as
|
|
legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
|
|
it is nonfree.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h3 id=in-practice>The Free Software Definition in Practice</h3>
|
|
<h4 id=interpretation>How we interpret these criteria</h4>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
|
|
definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide
|
|
whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,
|
|
we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their
|
|
spirit as well as the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable
|
|
restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue
|
|
in these criteria. Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue
|
|
that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer,
|
|
before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable. When we reach
|
|
a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make
|
|
it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h4 id=get-help>Get help with free licenses</h4>
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
|
|
software license, see our <a href=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html>list
|
|
of licenses</a>. If the license you are concerned with is not
|
|
listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at
|
|
<a href=mailto:licensing@gnu.org><licensing@gnu.org></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the
|
|
Free Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The
|
|
proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work
|
|
for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you
|
|
find an existing free software license that meets your needs.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
|
|
help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license
|
|
and avoid various practical problems.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h4 id=terminology>Use the right words when talking about free software</h4>
|
|
<p>
|
|
When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
|
|
like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms imply that
|
|
the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such
|
|
as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See
|
|
<a href=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html>Confusing Words and Phrases that
|
|
are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have
|
|
a list of proper <a href=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/fs-translations.html>translations of
|
|
“free software”</a> into various languages.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p id=open-source>
|
|
Another group uses the term “open source” to mean
|
|
something close (but not identical) to “free software.” We
|
|
prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that
|
|
it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The
|
|
word “open” never refers to freedom.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h3 id=beyond-software>Beyond Software</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html>Software manuals must be free</a>,
|
|
for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the
|
|
manuals are in effect part of the software.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
|
|
practical use—that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
|
|
such as educational works and reference
|
|
works. <a href=https://wikipedia.org/>Wikipedia</a> is the best-known
|
|
example.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software
|
|
has been extended to a definition of <a href=http://freedomdefined.org/>
|
|
free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h3 id=History>History</h3>
|
|
<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition. Here is
|
|
the list of substantive changes, along with links to show exactly what
|
|
was changed.</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.168&r2=1.169">Version
|
|
1.169</a>: Explain more clearly why the four freedoms must apply
|
|
to commercial activity. Explain why the four freedoms imply the
|
|
freedom not to run the program and the freedom to delete it, so there
|
|
is no need to state those as separate requirements.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.164&r2=1.165">Version
|
|
1.165</a>: Clarify that arbitrary annoyances in the code do not
|
|
negate freedom 0, and that freedoms 1 and 3 enable users to remove them.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.152&r2=1.153">Version
|
|
1.153</a>: Clarify that freedom to run the program means nothing stops
|
|
you from making it run.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.140&r2=1.141">Version
|
|
1.141</a>: Clarify which code needs to be free.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.134&r2=1.135">Version
|
|
1.135</a>: Say each time that freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program
|
|
as you wish.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.133&r2=1.134">Version
|
|
1.134</a>: Freedom 0 is not a matter of the program's functionality.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.130&r2=1.131">Version
|
|
1.131</a>: A free license may not require compliance with a nonfree license
|
|
of another program.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.128&r2=1.129">Version
|
|
1.129</a>: State explicitly that choice of law and choice of forum
|
|
specifications are allowed. (This was always our policy.)</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.121&r2=1.122">Version
|
|
1.122</a>: An export control requirement is a real problem if the
|
|
requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.117&r2=1.118">Version
|
|
1.118</a>: Clarification: the issue is limits on your right to modify,
|
|
not on what modifications you have made. And modifications are not limited
|
|
to “improvements”</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111">Version
|
|
1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only
|
|
retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright
|
|
holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the
|
|
work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105">Version
|
|
1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
|
|
(already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
|
|
version for your computing.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92">Version
|
|
1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90">Version
|
|
1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies
|
|
of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate
|
|
in someone else's development project.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89">Version
|
|
1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as
|
|
free software.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80">Version
|
|
1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical;
|
|
i.e., no tivoization.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77">Version
|
|
1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are
|
|
unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete
|
|
replacement.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74">Version
|
|
1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated
|
|
in some places but not reflected everywhere:
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>“Improvements” does not mean the license can
|
|
substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release.
|
|
Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes.</li>
|
|
<li>The right to merge in existing modules
|
|
refers to those that are suitably licensed.</li>
|
|
<li>Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export controls.</li>
|
|
<li>Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57">Version
|
|
1.57</a>: Add “Beyond Software” section.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46">Version
|
|
1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run
|
|
the program for any purpose.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41">Version
|
|
1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40">Version
|
|
1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other
|
|
available free software to create your modifications.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39">Version
|
|
1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
|
|
provide source for versions of the software you put into public
|
|
use.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31">Version
|
|
1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
|
|
identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor
|
|
clarifications throughout the text.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23">Version
|
|
1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based
|
|
licenses.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16">Version
|
|
1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11">Version
|
|
1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
|
|
versions you distribute to previous developers on request.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are
|
|
other changes in this page that do not affect the definition or its
|
|
interpretations. For instance, the list does not include changes in
|
|
asides, formatting, spelling, punctuation, or other parts of the page.
|
|
You can review the complete list of changes to the page through
|
|
the <a href="https://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb
|
|
interface</a>.</p>
|
|
<div class=column-limit></div>
|
|
<h3 class=footnote>Footnote</h3>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li id=f1>The reason they are numbered 0, 1, 2 and 3 is historical. Around
|
|
1990 there were three freedoms, numbered 1, 2 and 3. Then we realized that
|
|
the freedom to run the program needed to be mentioned explicitly.
|
|
It was clearly more basic than the other three, so it properly should
|
|
precede them. Rather than renumber the others, we made it freedom 0.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div style=clear:both></div>
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<div id=language-container class=sf-hidden>
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</div>
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<div id=mission-statement role=complementary>
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<div class=backtotop>
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<hr class="no-display sf-hidden">
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<a href=#header><span class=sf-hidden>BACK TO TOP </span>▲</a>
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</div>
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<div style=clear:both></div>
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<blockquote>
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<p style=direction:ltr;text-align:left><a href=https://www.fsf.org/><img id=fsfbanner src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt=" [FSF logo] " width=75 height=25></a><strong>
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“The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a nonprofit with a worldwide
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mission to promote computer user freedom. We defend the rights of all
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software users.”</strong></p>
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</blockquote>
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<div id=support-the-fsf class=button>
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<div class=unprintable>
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<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
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<a href=mailto:gnu@gnu.org><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
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There are also <a href=https://www.gnu.org/contact/>other ways to contact</a>
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the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
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to <a href=mailto:webmasters@gnu.org><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
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<p>
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Please see the <a href=https://www.gnu.org/server/standards/README.translations.html>Translations
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README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
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of this article.</p>
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</div>
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<p>Copyright © 1996-2002, 2004-2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
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Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
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<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel=license href=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/>Creative
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Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
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<div id=bottom-notes class=unprintable>
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<p><a href=https://www.fsf.org/about/dmca-notice>Copyright Infringement Notification</a></p>
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<div id=generic>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p class=unprintable>Updated:
|
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$Date: 2024/01/01 05:25:36 $
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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