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 height=48 width=49 alt=" [A GNU head] "><strong>GNU</strong> <span class=hide>Operating System</span></a><br>
|
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<small id=fsf-support>Supported by the
|
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<a href=#mission-statement>Free Software Foundation</a></small>
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||
</p>
|
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<div id=switches>
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<div id=search-button class=switch>
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<a href=https://www.gnu.org/><img src=data:image/png;base64,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 height=26 width=26 alt="GNU Home" title="GNU Home"><span class=gnun-split></span></a> /<span class=gnun-split></span>
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</div>
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<div class="article reduced-width">
|
||
<h2>Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software</h2>
|
||
<address class=byline>by Richard Stallman</address>
|
||
<div class=important><p>
|
||
The terms “free software” and “open
|
||
source” stand for almost the same range of programs. However,
|
||
they say deeply different things about those programs, based on
|
||
different values. The free software movement campaigns for freedom
|
||
for the users of computing; it is a movement for freedom and justice.
|
||
By contrast, the open source idea values mainly practical advantage
|
||
and does not campaign for principles. This is why we do not agree
|
||
with open source, and do not use that term.
|
||
</p></div>
|
||
<p>When we call software “free,” we mean that it respects
|
||
the <a href=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html>users' essential freedoms</a>:
|
||
the freedom to run it, to study and change it, and to redistribute
|
||
copies with or without changes. This is a matter of freedom, not
|
||
price, so think of “free speech,” not “free
|
||
beer.”</p>
|
||
<p>These freedoms are vitally important. They are essential, not just
|
||
for the individual users' sake, but for society as a whole because they
|
||
promote social solidarity—that is, sharing and cooperation. They
|
||
become even more important as our culture and life activities are
|
||
increasingly digitized. In a world of digital sounds, images, and words,
|
||
free software becomes increasingly essential for freedom in general.</p>
|
||
<p>Tens of millions of people around the world now use free software;
|
||
the public schools of some regions of India and Spain now teach all
|
||
students to use the free <a href=https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html>GNU/Linux
|
||
operating system</a>. Most of these users, however, have never heard of
|
||
the ethical reasons for which we developed this system and built the free
|
||
software community, because nowadays this system and community are more
|
||
often spoken of as “open source,” attributing them to a
|
||
different philosophy in which these freedoms are hardly mentioned.</p>
|
||
<p>The free software movement has campaigned for computer users'
|
||
freedom since 1983. In 1984 we launched the development of the free
|
||
operating system GNU, so that we could avoid the nonfree operating systems
|
||
that deny freedom to their users. During the 1980s, we developed most
|
||
of the essential components of the system and designed
|
||
the <a href=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>GNU General Public License</a> (GNU GPL)
|
||
to release them under—a license designed specifically to protect
|
||
freedom for all users of a program.</p>
|
||
<p>Not all of the users and developers of free software
|
||
agreed with the goals of the free software movement. In 1998, a part
|
||
of the free software community splintered off and began campaigning in
|
||
the name of “open source.” The term was originally
|
||
proposed to avoid a possible misunderstanding of the term “free
|
||
software,” but it soon became associated with philosophical
|
||
views quite different from those of the free software movement.</p>
|
||
<p>Some of the supporters of open source considered the term a
|
||
“marketing campaign for free software,” which would appeal
|
||
to business executives by highlighting the software's practical
|
||
benefits, while not raising issues of right and wrong that they might
|
||
not like to hear. Other supporters flatly rejected the free software
|
||
movement's ethical and social values. Whichever their views, when
|
||
campaigning for open source, they neither cited nor advocated those
|
||
values. The term “open source” quickly became associated
|
||
with ideas and arguments based only on practical values, such as
|
||
making or having powerful, reliable software. Most of the supporters
|
||
of open source have come to it since then, and they make the same
|
||
association. Most discussion of “open source” pays no
|
||
attention to right and wrong, only to popularity and success; here's
|
||
a <a href=https://linuxinsider.com/story/Open-Source-Is-Woven-Into-the-Latest-Hottest-Trends-78937.html>
|
||
typical example</a>. A minority of supporters of open source do
|
||
nowadays say freedom is part of the issue, but they are not very visible
|
||
among the many that don't.</p>
|
||
<p>The two now
|
||
describe almost the same category of software, but they stand for
|
||
views based on fundamentally different values. For the
|
||
free software movement, free software is an ethical imperative,
|
||
essential respect for the users' freedom. By contrast,
|
||
the philosophy of open source considers issues in terms of how to make
|
||
software “better”—in a practical sense only. It
|
||
says that nonfree software is an inferior solution to the practical
|
||
problem at hand.</p>
|
||
<p>For the free software movement, however, nonfree software is a
|
||
social problem, and the solution is to stop using it and move to free
|
||
software.</p>
|
||
<p>“Free software.” “Open source.” If it's the same
|
||
software (<a href=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html>or nearly so</a>),
|
||
does it matter which name you use? Yes, because different words convey
|
||
different ideas. While a free program by any other name would give you the
|
||
same freedom today, establishing freedom in a lasting way depends above all
|
||
on teaching people to value freedom. If you want to help do this, it is
|
||
essential to speak of “free software.”</p>
|
||
<p>We in the free software movement don't think of the open source
|
||
camp as an enemy; the enemy is proprietary (nonfree) software. But we
|
||
want people to know we stand for freedom, so we do not accept being
|
||
mislabeled as open source supporters. What we advocate is not
|
||
“open source,” and what we oppose is not “closed
|
||
source.” To make this clear, we avoid using those terms.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<h3>Practical Differences between Free Software and Open Source</h3>
|
||
<p>In practice, open source stands for criteria a little looser than
|
||
those of free software. As far as we know, all existing released free
|
||
software source code would qualify as open source. Nearly all open
|
||
source software is free software, but there are exceptions.</p>
|
||
<p>First, some open source licenses are too restrictive, so they do
|
||
not qualify as free licenses. For example, Open Watcom is nonfree
|
||
because its license does not allow making a modified version and using
|
||
it privately. Fortunately, few programs use such licenses.</p>
|
||
<p>Second, trademark requirements added on top of the code's copyright
|
||
license can make a program nonfree. For instance, the Rust compiler
|
||
may be nonfree, because the trademark conditions forbid selling copies
|
||
or distributing modified versions, unless you fully remove
|
||
all <em>uses of the trademark</em>. Just what that requires in
|
||
practice is not clear.</p>
|
||
<p>Third, the criteria for open source are concerned solely with the
|
||
use of the source code. Indeed, almost all the items in
|
||
the <a href=https://opensource.org/osd>Open Source Definition</a>
|
||
are formulated as conditions on the software's <em>source license</em>
|
||
rather than on what users are <em>free to do</em>. However, people
|
||
often describe an executable as “open source,” because its
|
||
source code is available that way. That causes confusion in
|
||
paradoxical situations where the source code is open source (and free)
|
||
but the executable itself is nonfree.</p>
|
||
<p>The trivial case of this paradox is when a program's source code
|
||
carries a weak free license, one without copyleft, but its executables
|
||
carry additional nonfree conditions. Supposing the executables
|
||
correspond exactly to the released sources—which may or may not
|
||
be so—users can compile the source code to make and distribute
|
||
free executables. That's why this case is trivial; it is no grave
|
||
problem.</p>
|
||
<p>The nontrivial case is harmful and important. Many products
|
||
containing computers check signatures on their executable programs to
|
||
block users from effectively using different executables; only one
|
||
privileged company can make executables that can run in the device and
|
||
use its full capabilities. We call these devices
|
||
“tyrants,” and the practice is called
|
||
“tivoization” after the product (Tivo) where we first saw
|
||
it. Even if the executable is made from free source code, and
|
||
nominally carries a free license, the users cannot usefully run
|
||
modified versions of it, so the executable is de-facto nonfree.</p>
|
||
<p>Many Android products contain nonfree tivoized executables of
|
||
Linux, even though its source code is under GNU GPL version 2. (We
|
||
designed GNU GPL version 3 to prohibit this practice; too bad Linux
|
||
did not adopt it.) These executables, made from source code that is
|
||
open source and free, are generally spoken of as “open
|
||
source,” but they are <em>not</em> free software.</p>
|
||
<h3>Common Misunderstandings of “Free Software” and
|
||
“Open Source”</h3>
|
||
<p>The term “free software” is prone to misinterpretation:
|
||
an unintended meaning, “software you can get
|
||
for zero price,” fits the term just as well as the intended
|
||
meaning, “software which gives the user certain freedoms.”
|
||
We address this problem by publishing the definition of free software,
|
||
and by saying “Think of ‘free speech,’ not ‘free
|
||
beer.’” This is not a perfect solution; it cannot completely
|
||
eliminate the problem. An unambiguous and correct term would be better, if
|
||
it didn't present other problems.</p>
|
||
<p>Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of
|
||
their own. We've looked at many that people have
|
||
suggested, but none is so clearly “right” that switching
|
||
to it would be a good idea. (For instance, in some contexts the
|
||
French and Spanish word “libre” works well, but people in India
|
||
do not recognize it at all.) Every proposed replacement for
|
||
“free software” has some kind of semantic problem—and
|
||
this includes “open source software.”</p>
|
||
<p>The <a href=https://opensource.org/osd>official definition of
|
||
open source software</a> (which is published by the Open
|
||
Source Initiative and is too long to include here) was derived
|
||
indirectly from our criteria for free software. It is not the same;
|
||
it is a little looser in some respects. Nonetheless, their definition
|
||
agrees with our definition in most cases.</p>
|
||
<p>However, the obvious meaning for the expression “open source
|
||
software” is “You can look at the source code.”
|
||
Indeed, most people seem to misunderstand “open source
|
||
software” that way. (The clear term for that meaning is
|
||
“source available.”) That criterion is much weaker than
|
||
the free software definition, much weaker also than the official
|
||
definition of open source. It includes many programs that are neither
|
||
free nor open source.</p>
|
||
<p>Why do people misunderstand it that way? Because that is the
|
||
natural meaning of the words “open source.” But the
|
||
concept for which the open source advocates sought another name was
|
||
a variant of that of free software.</p>
|
||
<p>Since the obvious meaning for “open source” is not the
|
||
meaning that its advocates intend, the result is that most people
|
||
misunderstand the term. According to writer Neal Stephenson,
|
||
“Linux is ‘open source’ software meaning, simply,
|
||
that anyone can get copies of its source code files.” I don't
|
||
think he deliberately sought to reject or dispute the official
|
||
definition. I think he simply applied the conventions of the English
|
||
language to come up with a meaning for the term. The <a href=https://web.archive.org/web/20001011193422/http://da.state.ks.us/ITEC/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf>state
|
||
of Kansas</a> published a similar definition: “Make use of
|
||
open-source software (OSS). OSS is software for which the source code
|
||
is freely and publicly available, though the specific licensing
|
||
agreements vary as to what one is allowed to do with that
|
||
code.”</p>
|
||
<p>The <cite>New York Times</cite> <a href=https://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html>
|
||
ran an article that stretched the meaning of the term</a> to refer to
|
||
user beta testing—letting a few users try an early version and
|
||
give confidential feedback—which proprietary software developers
|
||
have practiced for decades.</p>
|
||
<p>The term has even been stretched to include designs for equipment
|
||
that
|
||
are <a href=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/aug/27/texas-teenager-water-purifier-toxic-e-waste-pollution>published
|
||
without a patent</a>. Patent-free equipment designs can be laudable
|
||
contributions to society, but the term “source code” does
|
||
not pertain to them.</p>
|
||
<p>Open source supporters try to deal with this by pointing to their
|
||
official definition, but that corrective approach is less effective
|
||
for them than it is for us. The term “free software” has
|
||
two natural meanings, one of which is the intended meaning, so a
|
||
person who has grasped the idea of “free speech, not free
|
||
beer” will not get it wrong again. But the term “open
|
||
source” has only one natural meaning, which is different from
|
||
the meaning its supporters intend. So there is no succinct way to
|
||
explain and justify its official definition. That makes for worse
|
||
confusion.</p>
|
||
<p>Another misunderstanding of “open source” is the idea
|
||
that it means “not using the GNU GPL.” This tends to
|
||
accompany another misunderstanding that “free software”
|
||
means “GPL-covered software.” These are both mistaken,
|
||
since the GNU GPL qualifies as an open source license and most of the
|
||
open source licenses qualify as free software licenses. There
|
||
are <a href=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html> many free software
|
||
licenses</a> aside from the GNU GPL.</p>
|
||
<p>The term “open source” has been further stretched by
|
||
its application to other activities, such as government, education,
|
||
and science, where there is no such thing as source code, and where
|
||
criteria for software licensing are simply not pertinent. The only
|
||
thing these activities have in common is that they somehow invite
|
||
people to participate. They stretch the term so far that it only
|
||
means “participatory” or “transparent,” or
|
||
less than that. At worst, it
|
||
has <a href=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/opinion/sunday/morozov-open-and-closed.html>
|
||
become a vacuous buzzword</a>.</p>
|
||
<h3>Different Values Can Lead to Similar Conclusions—but Not Always</h3>
|
||
<p>Radical groups in the 1960s had a reputation for factionalism: some
|
||
organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy,
|
||
and the two daughter groups treated each other as enemies despite
|
||
having similar basic goals and values. The right wing made much of
|
||
this and used it to criticize the entire left.</p>
|
||
<p>Some try to disparage the free software movement by comparing our
|
||
disagreement with open source to the disagreements of those radical
|
||
groups. They have it backwards. We disagree with the open source
|
||
camp on the basic goals and values, but their views and ours lead in
|
||
many cases to the same practical behavior—such as developing
|
||
free software.</p>
|
||
<p>As a result, people from the free software movement and the open
|
||
source camp often work together on practical projects such as software
|
||
development. It is remarkable that such different philosophical views
|
||
can so often motivate different people to participate in the same
|
||
projects. Nonetheless, there are situations where these fundamentally
|
||
different views lead to very different actions.</p>
|
||
<p>The idea of open source is that allowing users to change and
|
||
redistribute the software will make it more powerful and reliable.
|
||
But this is not guaranteed. Developers of proprietary software are
|
||
not necessarily incompetent. Sometimes they produce a program that
|
||
is powerful and reliable, even though it does not respect the users'
|
||
freedom. Free software activists and open source enthusiasts will
|
||
react very differently to that.</p>
|
||
<p>A pure open source enthusiast, one that is not at all influenced by
|
||
the ideals of free software, will say, “I am surprised you were able
|
||
to make the program work so well without using our development model,
|
||
but you did. How can I get a copy?” This attitude will reward
|
||
schemes that take away our freedom, leading to its loss.</p>
|
||
<p>The free software activist will say, “Your program is very
|
||
attractive, but I value my freedom more. So I reject your program. I
|
||
will get my work done some other way, and support a project to develop
|
||
a free replacement.” If we value our freedom, we can act to
|
||
maintain and defend it.</p>
|
||
<h3>Powerful, Reliable Software Can Be Bad</h3>
|
||
<p>The idea that we want software to be powerful and reliable comes
|
||
from the supposition that the software is designed to serve its users.
|
||
If it is powerful and reliable, that means it serves them better.</p>
|
||
<p>But software can be said to serve its users only if it respects
|
||
their freedom. What if the software is designed to put chains on its
|
||
users? Then powerfulness means the chains are more constricting,
|
||
and reliability that they are harder to remove. Malicious features,
|
||
such as spying on the users, restricting the users, back doors, and
|
||
imposed upgrades are common in proprietary software, and some open
|
||
source supporters want to implement them in open source programs.</p>
|
||
<p>Under pressure from the movie and record companies, software for
|
||
individuals to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict
|
||
them. This malicious feature is known as Digital Restrictions
|
||
Management (DRM) (see <a href=https://defectivebydesign.org/>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>) and is
|
||
the antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims
|
||
to provide. And not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to
|
||
trample your freedom, DRM developers try to make it hard, impossible,
|
||
or even illegal for you to change the software that implements the DRM.</p>
|
||
<p>Yet some open source supporters have proposed “open source
|
||
DRM” software. Their idea is that, by publishing the source code
|
||
of programs designed to restrict your access to encrypted media and by
|
||
allowing others to change it, they will produce more powerful and
|
||
reliable software for restricting users like you. The software would then
|
||
be delivered to you in devices that do not allow you to change it.</p>
|
||
<p>This software might be open source and use the open
|
||
source development model, but it won't be free software since it
|
||
won't respect the freedom of the users that actually run it. If the
|
||
open source development model succeeds in making this software more
|
||
powerful and reliable for restricting you, that will make it even
|
||
worse.</p>
|
||
<h3>Fear of Freedom</h3>
|
||
<p>The main initial motivation of those who split off the open source
|
||
camp from the free software movement was that the ethical ideas of
|
||
free software made some people uneasy. That's true: raising
|
||
ethical issues such as freedom, talking about responsibilities as well as
|
||
convenience, is asking people to think about things they might prefer
|
||
to ignore, such as whether their conduct is ethical. This can trigger
|
||
discomfort, and some people may simply close their minds to it. It
|
||
does not follow that we ought to stop talking about these issues.</p>
|
||
<p>That is, however, what the leaders of open source
|
||
decided to do. They figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and
|
||
freedom, and talking only about the immediate practical benefits of
|
||
certain free software, they might be able to “sell” the
|
||
software more effectively to certain users, especially business.</p>
|
||
<p>When open source proponents talk about anything deeper than that,
|
||
it is usually the idea of making a “gift” of source code
|
||
to humanity. Presenting this as a special good deed, beyond what is
|
||
morally required, presumes that distributing proprietary software
|
||
without source code is morally legitimate.</p>
|
||
<p>This approach has proved effective, in its own terms. The rhetoric
|
||
of open source has convinced many businesses and individuals to use,
|
||
and even develop, free software, which has extended our
|
||
community—but only at the superficial, practical level. The
|
||
philosophy of open source, with its purely practical values, impedes
|
||
understanding of the deeper ideas of free software; it brings many
|
||
people into our community, but does not teach them to defend it. That
|
||
is good, as far as it goes, but it is not enough to make freedom
|
||
secure. Attracting users to free software takes them just part of the
|
||
way to becoming defenders of their own freedom.</p>
|
||
<p>Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to
|
||
proprietary software for some practical advantage. Countless
|
||
companies seek to offer such temptation, some even offering copies
|
||
gratis. Why would users decline? Only if they have learned to value
|
||
the freedom free software gives them, to value freedom in and of itself
|
||
rather than the technical and practical convenience of specific free
|
||
software. To spread this idea, we have to talk about freedom. A
|
||
certain amount of the “keep quiet” approach to business can be
|
||
useful for the community, but it is dangerous if it becomes so common
|
||
that the love of freedom comes to seem like an eccentricity.</p>
|
||
<p>That dangerous situation is exactly what we have. Most people
|
||
involved with free software, especially its distributors, say little about
|
||
freedom—usually because they seek to be “more acceptable to
|
||
business.” Nearly all GNU/Linux operating system distributions add
|
||
proprietary packages to the basic free system, and they invite users to
|
||
consider this an advantage rather than a flaw.</p>
|
||
<p>Proprietary add-on software and partially nonfree GNU/Linux
|
||
distributions find fertile ground because most of our community does
|
||
not insist on freedom with its software. This is no coincidence.
|
||
Most GNU/Linux users were introduced to the system through “open
|
||
source” discussion, which doesn't say that freedom is a goal.
|
||
The practices that don't uphold freedom and the words that don't talk
|
||
about freedom go hand in hand, each promoting the other. To overcome
|
||
this tendency, we need more, not less, talk about freedom.</p>
|
||
<h3>“FLOSS” and “FOSS”</h3>
|
||
<p> The terms “FLOSS” and “FOSS” are used to
|
||
be <a href=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html> neutral between free
|
||
software and open source</a>. If neutrality is your goal,
|
||
“FLOSS” is the better of the two, since it really is
|
||
neutral. But if you want to stand up for freedom, using a neutral
|
||
term isn't the way. Standing up for freedom entails showing people
|
||
your support for freedom.</p>
|
||
<h3>Rivals for Mindshare</h3>
|
||
<p>“Free” and “open” are rivals for mindshare.
|
||
Free software and open source are
|
||
different ideas but, in most people's way of looking at software, they
|
||
compete for the same conceptual slot. When people become habituated
|
||
to saying and thinking “open source,” that is an obstacle
|
||
to their grasping the free software movement's philosophy and thinking
|
||
about it. If they have already come to associate us and our software
|
||
with the word “open,” we may need to shock them intellectually
|
||
before they recognize that we stand for something <em>else</em>.
|
||
Any activity that promotes the word “open” tends to
|
||
extend the curtain that hides the ideas of the free software
|
||
movement.</p>
|
||
<p>Thus, free software activists are well advised to decline to work
|
||
on an activity that calls itself “open.” Even if the
|
||
activity is good in and of itself, each contribution you make does a
|
||
little harm on the side by promoting the open source idea. There are
|
||
plenty of other good activities which call themselves
|
||
“free” or “libre.” Each contribution to those
|
||
projects does a little extra good on the side. With so many useful
|
||
projects to choose from, why not choose one which does extra good?</p>
|
||
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
|
||
<p>As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community,
|
||
we free software activists must shoulder the task of bringing the issue
|
||
of freedom to their attention. We have to say, “It's
|
||
free software and it gives you freedom!”—more and louder
|
||
than ever. Every time you say “free software” rather than
|
||
“open source,” you help our cause.</p>
|
||
<div class=column-limit></div>
|
||
<h3 class=footnote>Notes</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
Joe Barr wrote an article called
|
||
<a href=https://web.archive.org/web/20010618050431/itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/pfindex.html>
|
||
Live and let license</a> that gives his perspective on this issue.</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
Lakhani and Wolf's <a href=https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf>
|
||
paper on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a
|
||
considerable fraction are motivated by the view that software should be
|
||
free. This is despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on
|
||
SourceForge, a site that does not support the view that this is an ethical
|
||
issue.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div style=clear:both></div>
|
||
<div id=language-container class=sf-hidden>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id=mission-statement role=complementary>
|
||
<div class=backtotop>
|
||
<hr class="no-display sf-hidden">
|
||
<a href=#header><span class=sf-hidden>BACK TO TOP </span>▲</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div style=clear:both></div>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p style=direction:ltr;text-align:left><a href=https://www.fsf.org/><img id=fsfbanner src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt=" [FSF logo] " width=75 height=25></a><strong>
|
||
“The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a nonprofit with a worldwide
|
||
mission to promote computer user freedom. We defend the rights of all
|
||
software users.”</strong></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<div id=support-the-fsf class=button>
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<a class=join href="https://www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom?referrer=4052">JOIN</a>
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<a class=donate href=https://donate.fsf.org/>DONATE</a>
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<a class=shop href=https://shop.fsf.org/>SHOP</a>
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</div>
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||
</div>
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||
<div id=footer role=contentinfo>
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||
<div class=unprintable>
|
||
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=mailto:gnu@gnu.org><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
|
||
There are also <a href=https://www.gnu.org/contact/>other ways to contact</a>
|
||
the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
|
||
to <a href=mailto:webmasters@gnu.org><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Please see the <a href=https://www.gnu.org/server/standards/README.translations.html>Translations
|
||
README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
|
||
of this article.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Copyright © 2007, 2010, 2012-2016, 2019-2024 Richard Stallman</p>
|
||
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel=license href=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/>Creative
|
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Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
|
||
<div id=bottom-notes class=unprintable>
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||
<p><a href=https://www.fsf.org/about/dmca-notice>Copyright Infringement Notification</a></p>
|
||
<div id=generic>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p class=unprintable>Updated:
|
||
$Date: 2024/01/01 05:25:36 $
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|